SELECT 
  category_id, 
  parent_id 
FROM 
  q_categories 
WHERE 
  parent_id IN(
    301, 7, 470, 249, 564, 408, 61, 264, 6, 
    257, 147, 409, 12, 567, 555, 207, 248, 
    615, 406, 566, 598, 579, 469
  )

Query time 0.00074

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "134.53"
    },
    "table": {
      "table_name": "q_categories",
      "access_type": "ALL",
      "possible_keys": [
        "parent"
      ],
      "rows_examined_per_scan": 598,
      "rows_produced_per_join": 111,
      "filtered": "18.73",
      "cost_info": {
        "read_cost": "112.13",
        "eval_cost": "22.40",
        "prefix_cost": "134.53",
        "data_read_per_join": "295K"
      },
      "used_columns": [
        "category_id",
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "attached_condition": "(`portal`.`q_categories`.`parent_id` in (301,7,470,249,564,408,61,264,6,257,147,409,12,567,555,207,248,615,406,566,598,579,469))"
    }
  }
}