SELECT 
  category_id, 
  parent_id 
FROM 
  q_categories 
WHERE 
  parent_id IN(
    301, 191, 362, 7, 590, 169, 413, 470, 446, 
    14, 51, 396, 439, 368, 134, 423, 2, 185, 
    130, 145, 382, 545, 139, 249, 564, 384, 
    246, 13, 146, 135, 402, 383, 131, 159, 
    6, 170, 100, 50, 427, 419, 591, 431, 140, 
    193, 147, 252, 366, 12, 136, 516, 132, 
    364, 454, 385, 10, 168, 91, 194, 44, 84, 
    400, 11, 133, 137, 560, 190, 142, 253, 
    387, 189, 184, 555, 523, 164, 138, 207, 
    378, 196, 361, 565, 458, 248, 144, 389, 
    582, 197, 299, 604, 549, 401, 465, 245, 
    198, 412, 395, 167, 425, 405, 199, 438, 
    432, 421, 544, 445, 422, 201, 179, 578, 
    202, 589, 203, 181, 367, 183, 386, 420, 
    424, 469, 513, 428, 429, 529
  )

Query time 0.00128

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "134.53"
    },
    "table": {
      "table_name": "q_categories",
      "access_type": "ALL",
      "possible_keys": [
        "parent"
      ],
      "rows_examined_per_scan": 598,
      "rows_produced_per_join": 427,
      "filtered": "71.40",
      "cost_info": {
        "read_cost": "49.13",
        "eval_cost": "85.40",
        "prefix_cost": "134.53",
        "data_read_per_join": "1M"
      },
      "used_columns": [
        "category_id",
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "attached_condition": "(`portal`.`q_categories`.`parent_id` in (301,191,362,7,590,169,413,470,446,14,51,396,439,368,134,423,2,185,130,145,382,545,139,249,564,384,246,13,146,135,402,383,131,159,6,170,100,50,427,419,591,431,140,193,147,252,366,12,136,516,132,364,454,385,10,168,91,194,44,84,400,11,133,137,560,190,142,253,387,189,184,555,523,164,138,207,378,196,361,565,458,248,144,389,582,197,299,604,549,401,465,245,198,412,395,167,425,405,199,438,432,421,544,445,422,201,179,578,202,589,203,181,367,183,386,420,424,469,513,428,429,529))"
    }
  }
}