SELECT 
  category_id, 
  parent_id 
FROM 
  q_categories 
WHERE 
  parent_id IN(
    301, 551, 191, 413, 470, 439, 423, 418, 
    185, 382, 13, 192, 402, 383, 159, 6, 50, 
    427, 419, 193, 38, 77, 12, 454, 512, 415, 
    385, 168, 194, 278, 560, 548, 190, 184, 
    195, 555, 561, 207, 196, 248, 562, 360, 
    299, 401, 412, 167, 425, 199, 177, 438, 
    544, 200, 422, 201, 202, 552, 554, 204, 
    206, 386, 420, 424, 469, 513, 428, 429, 
    556
  )

Query time 0.00309

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "134.53"
    },
    "table": {
      "table_name": "q_categories",
      "access_type": "ALL",
      "possible_keys": [
        "parent"
      ],
      "rows_examined_per_scan": 598,
      "rows_produced_per_join": 238,
      "filtered": "39.97",
      "cost_info": {
        "read_cost": "86.73",
        "eval_cost": "47.80",
        "prefix_cost": "134.53",
        "data_read_per_join": "631K"
      },
      "used_columns": [
        "category_id",
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "attached_condition": "(`portal`.`q_categories`.`parent_id` in (301,551,191,413,470,439,423,418,185,382,13,192,402,383,159,6,50,427,419,193,38,77,12,454,512,415,385,168,194,278,560,548,190,184,195,555,561,207,196,248,562,360,299,401,412,167,425,199,177,438,544,200,422,201,202,552,554,204,206,386,420,424,469,513,428,429,556))"
    }
  }
}